Fig. 3

Effects of cinnamaldehyde on SARS-CoV-2 induced inflammation and viral replication. a Bar graph showing IL-1β levels released by PBMCs of COVID-19 patients (n = 13) after LPS-BzATP stimulation and the pretreatment with different compounds: cinnamaldehyde (CINNA), dexamethasone (DEXA) and MCC950. b Bar graph showing IL-6 levels released by PBMCs of COVID-19 patients (n = 13) after LPS-BzATP stimulation and the pretreatment with different compounds: CINNA, DEXA, and MCC950. c Bar graph showing IL-1β levels released by THP-1 after LPS-BzATP stimulation and the pretreatment with different compounds: cinnamaldehyde (CINNA), dexamethasone (DEXA) and MCC950 (n = 3). d Bar graph showing IL-6 levels released by THP-1 after LPS-BzATP stimulation and the pretreatment with different compounds: CINNA, DEXA, and MCC950 (n = 3). e Bar graph showing IL-1β levels released by THP-1 after SARS-CoV-2 infection (n = 6) and the pretreatment with different compounds (n = 4): CINNA, DEXA, and MCC950. f Bar graph showing IL-6 levels released by THP-1 after SARS-CoV-2 infection (n = 2) and the pretreatment with different compounds: CINNA (n = 4), DEXA (n = 2), and MCC950 (n = 2). g Bar graph showing SARS-CoV-2 genomes in CaLu-3 cells 8- and 24-h post-infection (h p.i.) with or without the pretreatment with CINNA (n = 2). h Histograms showing SARS-CoV-2 replication rate in VeroE6 cells 48 h after infection with or without the pretreatment with CINNA (n = 2). ns = not significant, * = p < 0,05, ** = p < 0,01, **** = p < 0,0001