Fig. 2
From: Advances in the study of macrophage polarization in inflammatory immune skin diseases
Inflammation-related signaling pathways associated with macrophage polarization. The JAK/STAT1, NF-κB, and PI3K/Akt2 signaling pathways play a role in promoting M1 polarization of macrophages. On the other hand, the JAK/STAT3 or JAK/STAT6 and PI3K/Akt1 or PI3K/Akt3 signaling pathways are involved in promoting M2 polarization of macrophages. These signaling pathways can interact with each other, leading to a combined effect in determining the direction of macrophage polarization