Fig. 4
Effects of S. thermophilus lysate on TGF-β1-induced Smad signaling. A Immunoblotting assay for pSmad2/3 protein expression was performed on NHDF treated as described above. Following densitometric analysis, obtained values were normalized vs. GAPDH. Values are expressed as mean ± SEM of two independent experiments performed in duplicate. Representative images of immunoblotting for pSmad2/3 and GAPDH are shown. B The SYBRGreen Real-Time PCR analysis of the TGF-β1 gene was performed on NHDF. mRNA levels were relative to the amount of GAPDH mRNA. Data from one of two independent experiments in duplicate are shown as mean ± SD. In all cases, the comparative analysis of data has been carried out by using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post hoc Tukey’s test (** P < 0.01 vs. CNTR; **** P < 0.0001 vs. CNTR; §§ P < 0.01 vs. TGF-β1, §§§ P < 0.001 vs. TGF-β1)