Table 1 Immune competent cells in the inflamed liver and their immunological function
From: The immunological function of CXCR2 in the liver during sepsis
Liver cells | Changes and functions | Secreted cytokines and other mediators | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|
Hepatocytes | Present antigens; protein synthesis; energy metabolism; secrete and respond to immune proteins (e.g., acute phase proteins) | EGF, IGF-1, IL-1, 6, 8, 9, MCP-1, MCP-2, TNF-α, VEGF, NO, ROS | |
Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells | Barrier formation; present antigens; endocytosis; produce and respond to immune mediators | HGF, IL-RA, IL-1, 6, 9, 18, 10, 33, TGF-β, TNF, NO | |
Dendritic cells | Present antigens; phagocytosis; produce and respond immune mediators | IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, IL-21, TGF-β | |
Kupffer Cells | Present antigens; endo- and phagocytosis; produce and respond to immune mediators | IL-1, IL-1RA, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18, TNF- α, TGF, NO, CO | |
Macrophages | Migrate; secrete and respond to immune mediators; endocytosis; phagocytosis. | IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF- α, VEGF, NO, ROS | |
Hepatic stellate cells | Present antigens; liver fibrosis | TGF-β, IGF, IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, MCSF | |
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells | Suppress T-cell activation; produce immunosuppressive mediators | IL-10, TGF- β, arginase | |
Neutrophils | Chemotaxis; produce and respond to immune mediators; NET-formation | IL-4, IL-8, TNF- α, MPO, ROS | |
Natural Killer cells | Cytotoxicity; produce and respond to immune mediators | IFN-γ, IL-6, TNF | |
T cells | Activation; differentiation; proliferation; effective molecules production; cytotoxicity | IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IFN- γ | |
B cells | Activation; differentiation; proliferation; effective molecules production; secrete antibody | IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-α, GM-CSF |