Fig. 2

Influence of the pan-PAD inhibitor BB-Cl-amidine (BB-Cl) on the polarization of macrophages to the M1 and M2 phenotypes. BB-Cl decreased the polarization of THP-1 macrophages to the M1 phenotype and increased activation to the M2 phenotype. A mRNA expression of M1 markers (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6) in THP-1 macrophages treated with LPS (M1 phenotype) or IL-4 (M2 phenotype) for 48 h in the presence of BB-Cl. B mRNA expression of M2 markers (MRC1, FCER2, ALOX15) in THP-1 macrophages treated with LPS (M1 phenotype) or IL-4 (M2 phenotype) for 48 h in the presence of BB-Cl. C and D Concentration of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6) in the cell supernatant of THP-1 macrophages treated with LPS for 48 h in the presence of BB-Cl. E The toxicity of BB-Cl-amidine in THP-1 macrophages was measured by MTT assays at 48 h. Mean ± SEM; **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001 compared to control; #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001 compared to LPS or IL-4; n = 5