Fig.3

a Serum extracellular histone levels in baboons with pig artery patch grafts. In the absence of tocilizumab therapy, the mean serum histone level was higher on post-transplant day 1 than in baboons receiving tocilizumab (day 1, 1.2 vs. 0.3, *P < 0.05), excluding 2 baboons that required euthanasia on day 12 for consumptive coagulopathy. (Black line = without tocilizumab therapy; Red line = with tocilizumab therapy.) Tocilizumab treatment appeared to prevent the sustained histone increase seen after xenotransplantation. (Reprinted with permission from ref. [26]). b In vitro histone-induced porcine endothelial cell apoptosis/death is influenced by NF-κB inhibition. The NF-κB inhibitor, parthenolide (at 2 and 8 μM), significantly reduced histone (160 μg/mL)-induced cell apoptosis/death (mean percentage apoptosis/death of 91.4% vs 54%, respectively; both P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the protective effect of parthenolide at concentrations of 2 and 8 μM (mean percentage apoptosis/death of 54% at both concentrations). (Reprinted with permission from ref. [26])