Name | Type of Pathogen | Mechanism of STING activation | References |
---|---|---|---|
Adenovirus | Non-enveloped linear dsDNA virus | dsDNA activates cGAS-STING pathway (cytoplasmic) | [20] |
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus | Enveloped dsDNA virus | dsDNA activates cGAS-STING pathway (cytoplasmic) and IFI16-STING pathway (nuclear) | [21] |
Herpes simplex virus | Enveloped dsDNA virus | dsDNA activates cGAS-STING pathway (cytoplasmic) and IFI16-STING pathway (nuclear) | |
Epstein-Barr virus | dsDNA virus | dsDNA activates IFI16-STING pathway (nuclear) | [24] |
Human cytomegalovirus | dsDNA virus | dsDNA activates cGAS-STING pathway (cytoplasmic), DAI-STING (cytoplasmic), and IFI16-STING pathway (nuclear) | |
Sendai virus | Negative strand ssRNA virus | Possibly via RIG-I –dependent RNA detection which may in turn induce STING | [6] |
Vesicular stomatitis virus | Negative strand ssRNA virus | Unknown | [6] |
Human immunodeficiency virus | Negative strand ssRNA virus | dsDNA reverse transcribed from viral RNA induces cGAS-STING pathway | [28] |
Influenza A virus | Negative strand ssRNA virus | Possibly via membrane fusion or unknown mechanism independent of DNA recognition | [29] |
Mycobacteria tuberculosis | Bacteria producing c-di-GMP | c-di-GMP | |
Streptococcus pneumoniae | Bacteria dsDNA | Bacterial dsDNA | [32] |
Streptococcus pyrogenes | Bacteria dsDNA | Bacterial dsDNA | [33] |
Staphylococcus aureus | Bacteria producing c-di-AMP | c-di-AMP | [34] |
Listeria monocytogenes | Bacteria producing c-di-AMP | c-di-AMP | [35] |
Vibrio cholera | Bacteria producing 3′-3′ cGAMP | 3′-3′ cGAMP |