Table 1 Possible functions and activities of cytokines in ECRS
IL-3, IL-5, GM-CSF | Hematopoietic cell development, differentiation, and maturation |
IL-4, IL-5, IL-1β, PDGFα | Critical for PDGFRα |
IL-9 | Regulates granulocytopoiesis in allergic inflammation |
IL-13 | Increases the levels of beta-catenin, which contributes to cell-cell adhesion, increases mucus production |
IL-16 | Stimulates the migration of persistently activated eosinophils |
TGFα, IL-31, Th2 cytokines | Increase mucus production |
IL-25, IL-33 | Initiate Th2 inflammation and eosinophilia |
IFN-γ, TGF-β | Downregulated in ECRS |