Fig. 4

Nitrite accumulation in LPS-induced co-culture of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and HCF cells with and without treatment of ALA. Cultured human PBMC and HCF cells were induced by LPS (LPS B4) at a dose of 1000 ng/ml. After 72 h, the culture medium was extracted and nitrite levels were measured (n = 4). The asterisk (P < 0.05) represents statistical significance for PBMCs stimulated using LPS after treatment with ALA vs PBMC and HCF cells stimulated using LPS alone. Double asterisk (P < 0.001) represents statistical significance for PBMC stimulated with LPS vs PBMC in medium alone. LPS - Lipopolysaccharide, ALA - alpha-linoleic acid; PBMC - peripheral blood mononuclear cells; HCF - human conjunctival fibroblasts