Table 1 Studies examining sST2 in serum/plasma of patients with CV disease

   • sST2 levels were increased in the serum of patients 1 day after AMI.

   • ST2 levels predicted subsequent mortality and HF in patients admitted with AMI (TIMI, STEMI & CLARITY-TIMI trials).

   • sST2 levels predicted adverse left ventricular functional recovery and remodeling post-AMI.

   • Measurement of sST2 was of no prognostic value in the prediction of AMI, acute coronary syndromes or 30-day events in patients presenting to the emergency department with chest pain.

   • PRAISE-2 HF trial and showed that the change in sST2 levels was an independent predictor of subsequent mortality or transplantation in patients with severe chronic HF.

   • Increased plasma concentrations of sST2 are predictive for 1-year mortality in patients with acute destabilized HF.

   • sST2 levels correlated with the severity of HF and left ventricular ejection fraction.

   • Serial sampling of sST2 demonstrated that the % change in sST2 concentrations during acute HF treatment is predictive of 90-day mortality.

   • Elevated sST2 concentrations are predictive of sudden cardiac death in patients with chronic HF.

   • Pleural fluid sST2 levels were not helpful for diagnosing effusions due to HF.

   • sST2 levels were lower in decompensated HF patients who did not have a sudden cardiac event.

   • sST2 levels were greater in patients with systolic HF than in those with acutely decompensated HF with preserved ejection fraction.

   • Chronic HF patients whose sST2 levels were in the highest had a markedly increased risk of adverse outcomes compared with the lowest tertile.

   • Cardiac surgery patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass demonstrate a significant rise in sST2 levels 24 hours after surgery.

   • In an outpatient study sST2 levels also reflected right-side heart size and function and were an independent predictor of 1-year mortality in outpatients referred for echocardiograms.

   • sST2 concentration strongly predicted death at 1 year in dyspneic patients.

   • sST2 concentrations are associated with cardiac abnormalities on echocardiography, a more decompensated hemodynamic profile and are associated with long-term mortality in dyspneic patients.