Figure 3

Proinflammatory signaling pathways are a main target of EPEC effector proteins. The effectors NleC, NleH1, NleH2, NleE and NleB have been identified to target the NF-kappaB complex at different levels which eventually prevents the nuclear translocation of the p65 subunit. NleD degrades the MAP kinases JNK and p38 which results in impaired signal transduction via these pathways. By affecting these crucial inflammatory pathways, EPEC actively impairs the cell to respond to the bacterial stimulus.