Fig. 3
From: Cellular and molecular features of COVID-19 associated ARDS: therapeutic relevance
Immune cells involved in the development of a “cytokines storm” and severe COVID-19. Both innate and adaptative immune cells are involved in secretion of several pro-inflammatory mediators (including IL-1β and IL-6) forming the so termed “cytokines storm”. This induces alveolar damage, vascular endothelial damage and increased pro-thrombotic factors mediating micro-thrombi development. On the other hand, the “cytokine storm” can induce recruitment and activation of others lung immune cells maintaining the pro-inflammatory status. Abbreviations: AM: Alveolar macrophage; IL: interleukin; LYM: lymphocyte; NEU: neutrophil; PMN: polymorphonuclear