Pathogen | Mechanism of Action | References |
---|---|---|
Yellow fever virus Dengue virus | NS4B interrupts STING activation | [11] |
Hepatitis C virus | NS3/4A, NS4B proteases interrupt STING activation | |
Herpes simplex virus-1 | Release ICP0 E3 ubiquitin ligase to degrade IFI16 Viral protein ICP27 binds to STING-TBK1 complex to prevent IRF3 signalling | |
Coronaviruses SARS and NL63 | Disrupt K63-linked ubiquitin-mediated STING dimerisation | [140] |
Human papillomavirus | E2 protein inhibits STING transcription E7 oncogene blocks cGAS/STING signalling | |
Adenovirus | E1A oncogene blocks cGAS/STING signalling | [142] |
Hepatitis B virus | Disrupts K63-linked ubiquitin-mediated STING dimerisation | [143] |
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus | ORF52 proteins bind to and inhibit cGAS Targets IFI16 degradation during lytic reactivation | [62] |
Epstein-Barr virus, Murine gammaherpesvirus 68, Rhesus monkey rhadinovirus | ORF52 proteins bind to and inhibit cGAS | |
Human immunodeficiency virus | Enhance STING suppressor NLRX1 Enhance TREX1 to degrade excessive cDNA Viral Capsids prevent innate sensing of cDNA | |
Human cytomegalovirus | Tegument protein pUL83 disrupts IFI16 oligomerization and activation | [63] |