Fig. 6

Analysis of GFAP expression in the brain of ISS, VNS, LPS-treated and LPS + VNS-treated. a Representative Western blots showing GFAP and β-actin levels. b Western blot analysis of GFAP in whole brain homogenates of untreated, VNS, LPS-treated, and LPS + VNS-treated mice. Each column in the graph represents the level of GFAP expressed as Mean ± SEM, normalized to β-actin in a same gel. No significant differences between GFAP levels were observed using one-way Analysis of Variance plus the Tukey-Kramer multiple comparisons test. F (3,16) = 0.44, p = 0.72. c Representative mouse brain sections of the different groups of mice stained with anti-GFAP antibody (to detect astrocytes). Bottom images represent a nine-fold magnification of the region outlined in the box in the corresponding upper image