Table 1 Summary of protein targets of inflammatory serine proteases.
From: Protein targets of inflammatory serine proteases and cardiovascular disease
Serine protease | Targets | Function | Role in cardiovascular disease | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Elastase | E-cadherin, GM-CSF, IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL8, p38MAPK, TNFα, VE-cadherin | Degrades ECM components Regulates inflammatory response Activates pro-apoptotic signaling | Promotes atheromatous plaque formation Promotes vascular damage Promotes ischemia and reperfusion injury Triggers endothelial cell apoptosis | |
Cathepsin G | EGF, ENA-78, IL-8, MCP-1, MMP-2, MT1-MMP, PAI-1, RANTES, TGFβ, TNFα | Degrades ECM components Chemo-attractant of leukocytes Regulates inflammatory response Promotes apoptosis | Initiates calcification and fibrosis of aortic valve Promotes tissue remodeling Induces VSMC proliferation Modulates coagulation | |
PR-3 | ENA-78, IL-8, IL-18, JNK, p38MAPK, TNFα | Promotes inflammatory response Activates pro-apoptotic signaling | Promotes vascular damage Triggers endothelial cell apoptosis | |
Thrombin | FGF-2, HB-EGF, Osteo-pontin, PDGF, VEGF | Modulates activity of vascular growth factors, chemokines and extracellular proteins Strengthens VEGF-induced proliferation Induces cell migration Angiogenic factor Regulates haemostasis | Promotes angiogenesis and vascular remodeling Promotes coagulation and platelet aggregation | |
Kallikreins | high molecular weight kininogen, pro-urokinase | Modulate relaxation response Contribute to inflammatory response Fibrin degradation | Impact fibrinolysis and vascular tone Induce relaxation of contracted aortas | |
Tryptase and Chymase | angiotensin I, fibrinogen, pro-urokinase, TGFβ | Activate pro-urokinase Promote angiogenesis Modulate coagulation cascade | Affect blood pressure Promote angiogenesis Promote remodeling of fibrotic tissue Impact fibrinolysis and vascular tone |