Figure 3From: Rho iso-alpha acids from hops inhibit the GSK-3/NF-κB pathway and reduce inflammatory markers associated with bone and cartilage degradationEffect of RIAA on the inhibition of inflammatory markers. (A) RAW 264.7 cells were incubated with vehicle or RIAA (1, 5, 10 and 20 μg/ml) for 1 h and subsequently stimulated with LPS (1 μg/ml) overnight. Nitrite/nitrate levels were measured in the medium and expressed as % activity over LPS stimulation. Data represent mean ± SEM (n = 6). (B) RAW cells were pretreated with vehicle or RIAA (1, 5 and 10 μg/ml) overnight and stimulated with RANKL (50 ng/ml) for transformation to osteoclasts for 5 days. TRAP activity was measured in the cell lysate and expressed as % activity over RANKL stimulation. Data represent mean ± SEM (n = 6). (C) SW1353 cells were incubated with vehicle or RIAA (1, 5, 10 and 20 μg/ml) for 1 h and stimulated with TNF-α (10 ng/ml) for 20–24 h. MMP-13 levels were measured in the medium and expressed as % activity over TNF-α stimulation. Data represent mean ± SEM (n = 5). *a significant difference (P < 0.05) in % activity compared to the respective positive control after Dunnett post-hoc adjustment. (D) Protocol same as (C) except IL-1β (10 ng/ml) was used instead of TNF-α. Data shown is that of a single experiment.Back to article page