Fig. 3

β-FNAs effect on LPS-induced CCL2 expression in the whole brain and brain regions (hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and cerebellum/brain stem) of male and female C57BL/6J mice. Mice (n = 5–6/group) were injected (i.p.) with saline (control), LPS (0.83 mg/kg), LPS followed immediately by β-FNA treatment (50 mg/kg; i.p.; LPS + β-FNA), or LPS followed by β-FNA 10 h post-LPS (LPS + β-FNA 10 h). 24 h post-LPS, mice were terminated followed by tissue collection. Levels of CCL2 of whole brain (A), hippocampus (B), prefrontal cortex (C), and cerebellum/brain stem (D) of tissue homogenates were measured by ELISA. Data are reported as mean ± SEM. Two-way ANOVA indicated a significant main effect of treatment (p < 0.001) on CCL2 levels in the whole brain; but no significant effect of sex (p = 0.47), nor a significant interaction (p = 0.81). Two-way ANOVA determined CCL2 in the hippocampus had a no significant main effect of sex (p = 0.61), treatment (p = 0.14), or interaction (p = 0.79). In the prefrontal cortex two-way ANOVA determined CCL2 had a significant main effect of sex (p < 0.0001), treatment (p < 0.001), and an interaction (p < 0.005). Two-way ANOVA determined in the cerebellum/brain stem that CCL2 had a significant main effect of sex (p < 0.005), treatment (p < 0.005), and an interaction (p < 0.02). Pairwise comparisons were assessed using a Fisher’s LSD test; * indicates p < 0.05 vs. saline group; # indicates p < 0.05 vs. LPS group; Δ indicates p < 0.05 vs. males LPS