Fig. 12

β-FNAs effect on LPS-induced CCL2 expression in the colon, proximal small intestine (PSI), and distal small intestine (DSI) of male and female C57BL/6J mice. Mice (n = 11–12/group) were injected (i.p.) with saline (control), LPS (0.83 mg/kg), LPS followed immediately by β-FNA treatment (50 mg/kg; i.p.; LPS + β-FNA), or LPS followed by β-FNA 10 h post-LPS (LPS + β-FNA 10 h). 24 h post-LPS, mice were terminated followed by tissue collection. Levels of CCL2 of the colon (A), PSI (B), and DSI (C) of tissue homogenates were measured by ELISA. Data are reported as mean ± SEM. Two-way ANOVA indicated a significant main effect of treatment (p < 0.0001), sex (p < 0.001), and an interaction (p < 0.002) on CCL2 levels in the colon. In the proximal small intestine two-way ANOVA determined CCL2 had a significant main effect of sex (p < 0.001) and treatment (p < 0.002) but not an interaction (p = 0.13). In the distal small intestine two-way ANOVA determined CCL2 had a significant main effect of treatment (p < 0.0001), but not sex (p = 0.37) or interaction (p = 0.42). Pairwise comparisons were assessed using a Fisher’s LSD test; * indicates p < 0.05 vs. saline group; # indicates p < 0.05 vs. LPS group; Δ indicates p < 0.05 vs. males LPS