Fig. 3

Correlation pattern of MCP-1, IL-6, TGF-β and IL-10 between gut and hypertension. a ATP can promote the secretion of TGF-β by immune cells and DC in different ways, and TGF-β could further drive the differentiation of Th17 cells. However, TGF-β has an inverse effect at high concentrations b Th17 cells can be inhibited by IL-10 in an APC-depended way. IL-10 is secreted by several cells like immune or myeloid and mediated by gut microbiota and metabolism. c IL-6 can be produced by LPS-stimulated IEC and involved in hypertension induced by AngII. d SCFAs can inhibit the expression of MCP-1, which promotes the aggregation of monocytes as well as Mφ and lead to a lower elasticity of vascular wall. Monocytes and Mφ also produce proinflammatory cytokines that induce the secretion of MCP-1 and thus form a positive feedback loop. Additionally, IL-17 induces MCP-1 production in PI3K, JNK, ERK pathways