Fig. 9

Conventional immunoassay measurements underestimate total proinflammatory mediator levels due to an abundance of encapsulated factors. Comparison of measurements of whole serum and calculated total mediator levels accounting for encapsulated mediators, as well as proportion of encapsulated mediator relative to total mediator level over time after Blast (B), complex orthopaedic injury followed by ischemia reperfusion injury, then hind limb amputation (COI + IRI + HLA), B + COI + 1 h delayed(d)HLA, and B + COI + IRI + dHLA injury patterns. Panel-A interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and IL-10. Panel-B depicts tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). Panel-C depicts IL-13, IL-4, and IL-5. Results represent the mean ± SEM from n = 4-7 rats/timepoint. Baseline values are from age/weight matched naïve rats (n = 5-7)