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Table 2 Pro-angiogenic properties of melatonin

From: Role of melatonin in the angiogenesis potential; highlights on the cardiovascular disease

Study

Model

Outcome

Ref

Effect of melatonin implants in the proximal metaphyseal area of rabbit right tibia

In vivo

Vascular density↑

[62]

Application of melatonin in rat corneal micropocket assay and mouse model of indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers

In vivo

MMP-2↑, VEGF↑,MMP-14↑, TIMP-2↓

[63]

Intra-dermal administration of melatonin in rat model of dermal wound healing

In vivo

iNOS↓, Cyclooxygenase-2↑, VEGF↑, Hemoxygenase-1↑, Scar formation↓,

[64]

Full-thickness incision in the model of mice

In vivo

Vascular units↑, Collagen fiber↑, hydroxyproline↑

[65]

Effect of melatonin on swine granulosa cells

In vitro

Proliferation↑, E2↑, P4↑, NO↓, Angiogenesis (Fibrin gel angiogenesis assay)↑

[66]

Effect of melatonin on human granulosa-lutein cell culture and Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome

In vitro and In vivo

Follicular fluid MT2↑, P450 aromatase cytochrome↑, VEGF↑, iNOS↓

[67]

Inclusion of melatonin in collagen- poly(dialdehyde) gum acacia scaffold in rat model of excisional skin wound

In vivo

Re-epithelialization↑, Collagen deposition↑, Blood vessels formation↑

[68]

Protective effect of melatonin on EPCs after exposure to advanced glycation end product

In vitro and in vivo

EPC apoptosis↓, mitochondrial damage↓, Protective autophagy↑, tubulogenesis↑, Migration↑, AMPK/mTOR axis↑, α-SMA expressing cells↑, Collagen synthesis↑

[69]

Reno-protective effect of melatonin on early outgrowth EPCs

In vivo and In vitro

Renal function↑, TGF-β-induced apoptosis↓, VEGF secretion↑, Migration↑

[45]

Pre-treatment of adipose MSCs before administration into ischemic renal tissue

In vivo and In vitro

Cat activity↑, SOD activity↑, MSCs apoptosis↓, bFGF↑, HGF↑

[70]

Protective effect of melatonin on oxygen-glucose deprivation of brain microvascular cells

In vitro

ROS production↓, Claudin 5↑, VEGF↑, p-Akt/Akt ratio↑

[71]

  1. MMP Matrix Metallopeptidase, E2 Estrogen, P4 Progesterone, MT2 Melatonin receptor-2, α-SMA Alpha-smooth muscle actin, AMPK AMP-activated protein kinase, mTOR mammalian target of rapamycin, TGF-β Transforming growth factor beta, SOD (Super Oxide Dismutase, Cat Catalase, HGF Hepatocyte growth factor, bFGF Basic fibroblast growth factor, EPC(s) Endothelial progenitor cells