Fig. 1

Innate immune response to RNA viruses. Innate immune response is activated after viral PAMPs (such as viral RNA) detection by host cells PRR including TLRs (TLR3, TLR7) and RLRs (MDA5 and RIG1). Thereafter, PRR interaction with mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS) activates several kinases. Furthermore, some adaptor proteins including tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-associated factor 6 (TRAF3) and TRAF6 are activated by TLRs. Both kinases and adaptor proteins activate IRF3 and IRF7 transcription factors as well as NF-κB transcription factor. IRF3 and IRF7 nuclear translocation result in INFI expression. Proinflammatory cytokines are induced after NF-κB translocation into the nucleus