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Table 1 Anti-atherosclerotic effects of different compounds by modulation of autophagy

From: Role of autophagy in atherosclerosis: foe or friend?

Compounds

Functions

anti-atherosclerotic effects

References

Everolimus

An mTOR inhibitor, autophagy inducer,

depletion of plaque macrophages, improvement of cholesterol efflux, lowering systemic and local inflammation, inhibiting intra-plaque neovascularization, enhance plaque stability, reduce intimal thickening

[57,58,59,60]

Resveratrol

An mTOR inhibitor, autophagy inducer, anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory element,

facilitated the efferocytosis of apoptotic cells, decrease of atherosclerotic size and density of plaque, reducing layer thickness, inhibition of age related changes

[61,62,63,64]

Berberine

activation of the AMPK/mTOR, autophagy inducer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-microbial

inhibit inflammatory reactions,

[65, 66]

Î’-arrestins

autophagy inducer,

reduce neointimal hyperplasia

[67, 68]

CB2R agonists

autophagy inducer, inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome,

Inhibition of inflammatory response

[70, 71]

statins

mTOR inhibitor, autophagy inducer, anti-inflammatory properties

improvement of EC function, plaque stabilization

[72]

Metformin

stimulation of AMPK, autophagy inducer, anti-inflammatory function,

decrease vascular problems, suppresses vascular senility

[73, 74]