Fig. 1

Autophagy process involves three distinct types by route of delivery: Macroautophagy, microautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Autophagy is started by the nucleation and isolation of membrane named phagophore. The isolated membrane is then elongated and engulfed on itself to form an autophagosome. Autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes and forming the autophagolysosomes. The conversion of LC3-I to LC3-Il caused to the formation of autophagolysosomes and P62 facilitates the docking of cargo to the cell membrane during the autophagic response. In microautophagy, substances directly enter into the lysosomes through the intrusion of self-membrane and finally contributed to autophagy-related pathways