Table 3 Clinical studies and animal models evaluating longitudinal cytokine response to trauma

Kubiak 2011 [20]

Animal (Insult): Swine (Trauma, IRI, Sepsis)

Survival: 48 h

Trauma (laparotomy) + IRI (SMA clamp ×  30 min) + Sepsis (fecal clot) with passive drainage at 12 h. n = 5

23,702

36 h

163

6 h

852

48 h

Kinasewitz 2000 [30]

Animal(Insult): NHP (Trauma, Sepsis)

Survival: 14 days

Trauma (laparotomy), Sepsis (E coli fibrin clot peritonitis). n = 5 (non-survivor)

~ 22,000

4 h

~ 31,000 (death)

2 h

Trauma (laparotomy), Sepsis (E. coli fibrin clot peritonitis). n = 4 (signs of sepsis)

~ 22,000

4 h

~ 12,000 (sepsis)

2 h

Trauma (laparotomy), Sepsis (E. coli fibrin clot peritonitis). n = 4 (well appearing)

~ 10,000

4 h

~ 12,000 (well)

2 h

Martin 1997 [21]

Clinical Study (Sepsis vs. Trauma and Survivors vs. Nonsurvivors) and (Sepsis vs. Trauma and Hemorrhage)

Septic Shock (mean APACHE II score = 27) non-survivors n = 14

15,627

arrival

34

9th blood draw

Septic Shock (mean APACHE II score = 27) survivors n = 11

~ 4000

arrival

~ 20

3rd blood draw

Trauma (mean ISS = 27) non-survivors n = 7

600

8th blood draw

30

blood draw 13

Trauma (mean ISS = 27) survivors n = 53

~ 200

peak

~ 20

blood draw 11

Trauma (mean ISS not reported) + Hemorrhagic Shock n = 8

420

2nd blood draw

~ 30

8th blood draw

Jastrow 2009 [40]

Clinical Study (Trauma +/− MOF)

Trauma (mean ISS 26) with MOF. n = 11

7179

2–6 h

239

2–6 h

211

2–6 h

Trauma (mean ISS 25) with nonMOF. n = 37

427

6–10 h

15

2–6 h

0

2–6 h

PHM Animal: NHP (Trauma, Hemorrhage, and Sepsis)

Survival: 14 days

Trauma (laparoscopic liver/bowel injury, flank soft tissue injury) + intra-abdominal hemorrhage/ sepsis ×  2 h. n = 20

6860

4 h

13,519

2 h

321

24 h

THM Animal: NHP (Trauma and Hemorrhage) Survival: 14 days

Trauma (laparoscopic liver injury) + Hemorrhage (uncontrolled hemorrhage ×  120 min)n = 5

1168

4 h

588

2 h

2

60 min

Sheppard 2017 [43]

Animal: NHP (Trauma and Hemorrhage)

Survival: 24 h

Trauma (Lapartomy and Femur Fracture) + Decompensated Hemorrhage (pressure controlled)

~ 750

6 h

~ 450

<  6 h

Trauma (Laparotomy and Femur Fracture) + 60 min Hemorrhage (Pressure Controlled)

~ 400

6 h

~ 650

<  6 h

Deitch 1996 [41]

Animal: NHP (Trauma and Hemorrhage vs. Trauma)

Survival: 8 h

Trauma (neck dissection and partial removal of clavicle) + Hemorrhage (40 mmHg × 3 h or reached -5 mEq Base Excess). n = 5

~ 350

~ 4 h

Trauma (neck dissection and partial removal of clavicle)

~ 100

~ 8 h

Namas 2009 [38]

Clinical Study (Trauma)

Human Trauma (mean ISS 24) + Hemorrhagic Shock n = 4 (non-survivors)

202^a

within 6 h

33^a

within 6 h

4^a

within 6 h

Baker 2012 [35]

Animal: Swine (Trauma vs. Hemorrhage vs. Trauma and Hemorrhage)

Survival: 300 min

Trauma (femur fracture and lung contusion) + Hemorrhage(20-30 mmHg × 60 min). n = 6

~ 170

2 h

~ 15

baseline

133

baseline

Trauma (femur fracture and lung contusion). n = 5

~ 170

5 h

~ 100

45 min

~ 300

60 min

Hemorrhage(20-30 mmHg × 60 min)n = 5

~ 150

3 h

~ 41

<  15 min

~ 290

45 min

Namas 2009 [38]

Animal (insult): Swine (Trauma and Hemorrhage vs. Hemorrhage)

Survival: 2 h after resuscitation

Trauma (anterolateral thoractomy and pericardial window) + Hemorrhage (MAP < 30 mmHg × 10 min, MAP < 20 mmHg for 10 s, or MAP>/= 30 × 90 min). n = 4 (non-survivors)

~ 90

90 min

~ 15

90 min

~ 170

90 min

Hemorrhage (MAP < 30 mmHg × 10 min, MAP < 20 mmHg for 10 s, or MAP >/= 30 × 90 min). n = 3 (non-survivors)

~ 1

baseline

~ 20

60 min

~ 100

baseline

Trauma (anterolateral thoractomy and pericardial window) + Hemorrhage (MAP < 30 mmHg × 10 min, MAP < 20 mmHg for 10 s, or MAP>/= 30 × 90 min). n = 7 (survivors)

~ 40

90 min

~ 1

baseline

~ 240

90 min

Hemorrhage (MAP < 30 mmHg × 10 min, MAP < 20 mmHg for 10 s, or MAP >/= 30 × 90 min). n = 9 (survivors)

~ 30

baseline

5

baseline

~ 600

0 min