Fig. 3

TMP reduced the activation of microglia and astrocytes in CCI mice. Ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule-1 (Iba-1) is a marker in perilesional microglia/ macrophage cells, and GFAP, a marker for activated astrocytes, were immunostained with their antibodies 3 days after CCI surgery. (a, b) The levels of Iba-1⁺ microglia/macrophage cells and processes in CCI mice were attenuated by 4 mM TMP; (c, d) GFAP⁺ astrocytes and processes in CCI mice diminished when the mice were treated with 4 mM TMP; (e) Summary of Iba-1-positive microglia/macrophages and GFAP-positive astrocytes in CCI mice with and without the treatment of 4 mM TMP. n = 6 in each group. Data are presented as mean ± SEM values and representative of at least three independent experiments. Statistical analyses represent variations in experimental replicates. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01