Riboflavin along with antibiotics balances reactive oxygen species and inflammatory cytokines and controls Staphylococcus aureus infection by boosting murine macrophage function and regulates inflammation

Table 3 Glutathione reductase enzyme activity in the cell lysate

Groups	Glutathione reductase enzyme activity (nmol NADPH/min/mg of protein)
Groups	30 min	60 min	90 min
CM	0.066 ± 0.001	0.009 ± 0.0001	0.034 ± 0.01
SAM	0.113 ± 0.04^a	0.263 ± 0.029^a	0.355 ± 0.05^a
RIBO + SAM	0.432 ± 0.05^b	0.435 ± 0.04^b	0.749 ± 0.090^b
AZM + SAM	0.058 ± 0.005	0.066 ± 0.001^b	0.118 ± 0.021^b
CIP + SAM	0.035 ± 0.001^b	0.423 ± 0.007^b	0.073 ± 0.008^b
RIBO+ AZM + SAM	0.457 ± 0.09^{b, c}	0.491 ± 0.034^{b, c}	1.023 ± 0.022^{b, d, c}
RIBO+ CIP + SAM	0.265 ± 0.04^{b, e}	0.529 ± 0.021^b, ^{d, e}	1.561 ± .127^{b, d, e}

The activity of Glutathione reductase enzyme was determined following the oxidation of NADPH to NADP+ during the reduction of oxidized Glutathione and the results were expressed as nmole NADPH/min/mg of protein. Results were shown as mean ± SD of three independent experiments
CM, Control macrophage, SAM S. aureus infected macrophages, RIBO + SAM Riboflavin pretreated + S. aureus infected macrophages, AZM + SAM Azithromycin treated S.aureus infected macrophage, CIP + SAM Ciprofloxacin treated S.aureus infected macrophage, RIBO + AZM + SAM Riboflavin and Azithromycin pretreated macrophages infected with S. aureus, RIBO + CIP + SAM Riboflavin and Ciprofloxacin pretreated macrophages infected with S. aureus
^asignificant difference with respect to CM
^bsignificant difference with respect to SAM
^csignificant difference with respect to ciprofloxacin (CIP)
^dsignificant difference with respect to Riboflavin(RIBO) plus S. aureus infected macrophages at P < 0.05 level of significance
^eSignificant difference with respect to Azithromycin (AZM) plus S. aureusinfected macrophages

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