Fig. 1

Insulin and TNFα increase expression of total VCAM-1 in rat aorta endothelial cells over time. RAEC were cultured in Complete Growth Medium (CGM) until 90 % confluent. Subsequently, cells were stimulated for indicated times with insulin (10 nM) or TNFα (10 ng/mL) alone or in combination. Total VCAM-1 protein was determined by Western blot analysis. Analysis was performed by the Licor Odyssey detection system. Total VCAM-1 is expressed as the percent of controls and represents the mean ± SEM of six independent experiments. *, P < 0.05 vs negative controls. **, P < 0.05 vs TNFα alone