Table 1 Cellular sources, target cells and potential functional significance of CXCL14 to immune functions
From: CXCL14 as an emerging immune and inflammatory modulator
Cells or tissues expressing CXCL14 as mRNA or protein | Target cells for CXCL14 | Functional effects of CXCL14 | Sources of recombinant CXCL14 protein | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
mRNA detected in human heart, brain, placenta, lung, liver, skeletal muscle, kidney, and pancreas; colon adenocarcinoma cell SW 485, and melanoma cell MDA-MB-435 | Â | No in vitro effect on human endothelial cell proliferation or tubule formation; No chemotactic effects on human or murine T cells, B cells, monocytes, NK cells, or granulocytes | Synthesized human CXCL14 | 1999 Hromas et al. [5] |
mRNA detected in mouse brain, ovary, lung, and muscle; Human intestine, colon, kidney, liver, spleen, thymus, placenta, brain, pancreas, skeletal muscle, heart, cervix, uterus, and breast | B cells, macrophages, CESS (human B cell line), A20 (murine B cell line), THP-1 (human monocyte leukemia cell) | Chemoattraction of CESS and THP-1 cells; Inflammation induction in vivo in Nude mice | Synthesized murine CXCL14 | 2000 Sleeman et al. [7] |
mRNA detected in human kidney, intestine, brain, placenta, skeletal muscle, liver, spleen, thymus, and pancreas; very faint expression in testis, ovary, heart, and lung. | Human neutrophils and monocyte-derived DC | A strong chemoattractant for human neutrophils, and weaker for human DC | Human CXCL14 in supernatant from transfected 293 cells | 2000 Cao et al. [8] |
Epithelium of tubules of mouse kidney; hepatocytes in mouse liver; monocyte-derived dendritic cell (DC); THP-1 | ||||
mRNA in human skin, kidney, intestine, spleen, colon, muscle, liver, brain, placenta, thymus, breast, exocervix, ovary and heart; squamous epithelium; oral epithelial cells, epidermal keratinocytes; LPS activated B cells and monocytes; inflammatory and stromal cells adjacent to carcinomas | Â | Potential role in host-tumor interactions | Â | 2000 Frederick et al. [6] |
mRNA in human epithelial layer of intestine, kidney, stomach, colon, appendix, trachea; Skin keratinocytes, dermal fibroblasts, lamina propria cells in intestine; HaCaT (human keratinocyte cell line) | Freshly isolated monocytes (weak), monocytes treated with prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) or forskolin (strong) | Monocyte chemoattractant; potential role in macrophage development; CXCL14 signals through Bordetella pertussis toxin-sensitive receptor in PGE2-treated monocytes | Synthesized human CXCL14 | 2001 Kurth et al. [15] |
CXCL14 protein expression in human: Suprabasal layers of tongue mucosa, stromal cells adjacent to tumors | human endothelial cells, monocyte-derived immature dendritic cells (iDCs) | Potent inhibitor of chemotaxis for human endothelial cells and in vivo angiogenesis | Recombinant human CXCL14 | 2004 Shellenberger et al. [19] |
CXCL14 protein in human: Oral squamous epithelium | Human monocyte-derived iDCs | Stimulation of iDCs migration and maturation, and NF-κB activation | Recombinant human CXCL14 | 2005 Shurin et al. [48] |
Protein expression in human: blood vessels in dermal plexus and epidermal keratinocytes of skin | CD14+ DC precursors derived from CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) and blood CD14+monocytes | Stimulation of CD14+ monocyte migration, possible contribution to the differentiation of CD14+ DC precursors into Langerhans cell-like cells in epidermal tissue under steady-state condition | Recombinant human CXCL14 and CXCL14 purified from supernatant of primary keratinocyte culture | 2005 Schaerli et al. [16] |
| Â | Activated human natural killer(NK) cells; an IL-2-dependent natural killer leukemia cell line; monocyte-derived iDCs | Stimulation of activated human NK cells and iDCs; no effect on proliferation or cytotoxic activity of normal human NK cells | CXCL14 synthetic peptide, CXCL14 expressed in bacterial vector and HPLC-purified; recombinant eukaryotic CXCL14 | 2006 Starnes et al. [47] |
DCs stimulated with activin A | Human and murine iDCs | Mediator for activin A-induced migration of iDCs | Recombinant human CXCL14 | 2009 Salogni et al. [13] |
Protein in human: glandular epithelial cells in endometrium in the secretory phase of menstrual cycle | Human uterine natural killer (uNK) cells | Stimulation of uNK cell migration during the secretory phase of the cycle | Recombinant human CXCL14 | 2010 Mokhtar et al. [45] |
| Â | Human THP-1 cells and iDCs | The chemotactic effect on THP-1 and iDCs | Recombinant human CXCL14 | 2010 Tanegashima et al. [64] |
| Â | PGE2-treated THP-1, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus mitis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae | Induction of THP-1 migration; antimicrobial activity to facilitate bacterial clearance in mouse lung | Recombinant human CXCL14 | 2015 Dai et al. [62] |