Fig. 5

Analysis of constitutive and TNF-α-induced expression of various inflammatory cytokines/chemokines during the treatment with DMF in HUVECs. We assayed the protein content in culture supernatants by ELISA (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, US according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The HUVECs cells were left untreated (solvent only, DMSO 0.1 %) or treated with TNF-α (20 ng/ml), DMF (80 μM) and DMF + TNF-α for 24 h. a CCL-5; (b) PDGF-BB; (c) GM-CSF; (d) IL-6. The mean values from three triplicate experiments are presented as the mean ± SEM. We analyzed the data using the Student’s t-test. *p < 0.05 versus TNF-α; **p < 0.05 versus control