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Fig. 4 | Journal of Inflammation

Fig. 4

From: Interleukin-18 expression increases in response to neurovascular damage following soman-induced status epilepticus in rats

Fig. 4

IL-18 expression is associated with vascular damage. GD exposure causes vascular damage and capillary micro-hemorrhages primarily in the thalamus (a), though it is also present in other brain regions. Multiple micro-hemorrhages were identified by areas of red blood cell infiltration in the tissue around capillaries (black arrows and inset). Vascular injury is absent in vehicle controls (b). Immunolabeling for the more sensitive endothelial cell injury protein, von Willebrand factor (vWf, red), showed extensive damage in the piriform cortex (c) and other brain regions after GD exposure along with IL-18 (green), but both were absent in vehicle controls (d). IL-18 and vWf labeling were often co-incident to the same vascular structures, though co-localization was rare (e), consistent with IL-18 expression in endothelial cells. (Scale bar: 250 μm [a-d], 50 μm for fluorescent [e]; n = 3 for 48-h, n = 4 for vehicle controls)

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